Industries

Complex issues exist in every design and construction project. We understand the sophisticated dynamics of the construction industry in Indonesia for us to deliver effective, bespoke solutions to owners, developers, investors, lenders and contractors to mitigate risk and ensure successful project execution in connection with the design and construction of real estate projects, procurement methods, preparation and review of construction documentation, and resolve disputes effectively.

Our experienced team understands the complexities of design, engineering, and project administration that is critical to advise clients in all legal and regulatory aspects of construction, engineering and related contracting, with the many related areas that construction and engineering projects often raise, including tax, finance, real estate, employment, environmental, energy and, when necessary, white-collar criminal defense, corporate investigations and regulatory compliance.

Our lawyers also provide a wide range of transactional services involved with project formation, implementation and post-project completion, including project delivery methods and procurement of design and construction services; identifying, analyzing and allocating project risks; negotiating contracts for design, construction and consulting services; structuring and negotiating equity and debt financing documents.

The world of crypto assets and blockchain technology has witnessed exponential growth and widespread adoption in recent years and at the same time changing the way we think about money and financial transactions. As the use of crypto assets becomes more pervasive across various industries and sectors, so too has the prevalence of crypto-related compliance issues and regulatory challenges, including disputes ranging from individuals facing crypto trading fraud to companies navigating complex shareholder disagreements.

That being said, the need for specialised legal expertise and pioneering advice in this domain has never been more critical, particularly amid regulatory uncertainty and market upheaval. We also recognise that the digital nature of crypto assets demands innovative approaches and a deep grasp of blockchain technology.

At Foster, our lawyers have honed their skills to navigate this intricate landscape and provide comprehensive advice in areas that include regulation, licensing, transactions, product development, intellectual property, advocacy, restructuring, enforcement and litigation. Our law firm’s up-to-date knowledge and expertise in blockchain and crypto assets ecosystem, stakeholders and infrastructure allow us to offer clients legal solutions to protect their interests and manage their operation, strategies and initiatives toward a successful outcome.

Our capabilities extend to venture financing, company formation, technology licensing, and procurement of statutory crypto asset trading license for crypto trading companies to legally operate, and our deep bench of specialists provides comprehensive advice relating to the unique issues facing blockchain and crypto asset companies.

The energy sector remain at the heart of Indonesia's economic growth and transformation. As the country grapples with the challenges of energy transition, sustainable development, and evolving regulatory landscapes, this sector face increasing complexity and opportunity. Ever-changing investment landscapes, financing constraints, regulatory requirements and price volatility all result in a greater need for the best legal expertise, commercial acumen and stakeholder engagement capability.

We understand that in today’s fast-paced world, the ambition and scale of cross-border energy projects are unmatched, bringing with them increasing complexity and heightened risks. With deep expertise in both contentious and non-contentious matters in this pivotal, dynamic and complicated sector, Foster provides comprehensive legal counsel for energy businesses, reinforced by our energy policy and regulatory team to enhance client outcomes by aligning commercial objectives with the constantly shifting legal landscape in real-time that characterizes modern energy markets.

From non-contentious matters related to the international sale and transportation of oil and gas and their by-products, to energy transactions across the entire oil and gas value chain – from well-head to LNG, refining, and petrochemicals, including advisory work on corporate actions and governance, we deliver tactical counsel to a wide-range of industry participants (including upstream, midstream, downstream) across the industry's shifting landscape.

We advise on regulatory compliance, project development, finance, and M&A, guiding our clients through complex frameworks and investment opportunities including contract negotiation, dispute resolution, government investigation and environmental law compliance to help clients manage legal and regulatory risks in high-stakes environments. Our team also helps to advise on workplace safety policies and incident investigations, navigate energy trading regulations, and manage employment matters unique to the sector.

The financial services sector drives the global economy and enables companies across all business segments to grow and thrive. Banks and financial institutions are playing a critical role in stabilising Indonesia's economy in the midst of global uncertainty – they are providing financial resilience at a time of significant geopolitical and economic change. Helping customers and investors succeed is at the heart of what banks and financial institutions aim to do.

The industry is also taking a long-term view, and working pragmatically with its customers to help businesses remain viable and improve the financial inclusion as a catalyst for economic growth. This includes providing fairer and more sustainable financial products and services. With such widespread influence, it is particularly important for participants in the financial services industry to stay attuned to current trends, issues and challenges in the marketplace.

Aa financial services business face an ever-growing web of rules and regulations, Foster is here to empower financial services success amid intensifying oversight and scrutiny by Indonesia's Financial Services Authority. We are trusted by some of the largest multinational financial institutions on mission-critical corporate actions and transactions, strategic ecosystem partnerships, financial product structuring and launching, compliance hurdles, government investigations, enforcement actions and high-profile disputes. Our clients trust us for end-to-end representation across the financial services landscape, catering to the needs of transactional, advisory, regulatory, contentious and government relations specialists to achieve the desired outcomes and their most important objectives.

As a financial services powerhouse, we draw on experts across a range of disciplines, including M&A, regulatory compliance, restructuring and reorganisation, disputes and crisis management, corporate governance, banking and finance, asset and wealth management. This unified approach addresses every angle of your most complex challenges, enabling you to focus on serving the customers and maintaining the quality of your products and services.

Working across practice groups, we deploy the right specialists for each matter, backed by a commercial, solution-driven approach. We have the depth of experience and bench strength to handle large and complex matters, but can also leverage these strengths to provide tailored solutions for both business-as-usual matters and complex document-intense projects. We are here for your future, as well as your present.

The pace of regulatory change, combined with globalisation and advances in technology, has brought fresh challenges to banking businesses, and there is no sign that the rapid pace of change is slowing. Minimising legal risk and at the same time keeping a commercial perspective is critical in today's environment.

Adoption of new technologies and operating models, industry consolidation and regulatory change create market disruption, risks and opportunities. Whatever segment of the banking industry you operate in, we provide an industry-first approach, a 360* perspective and bespoke solutions to help you adapt successfully to change, and take advantage of the opportunities.

Our experience and capabilities span the banking ecosystem ranging from wholesale and retail banking, bancassurance, digital banking and transformation, securitisation, sale and acquisition of loan portfolios and business assets, cybersecurity and data privacy, asset management, all the way to AML/CFT, new product distribution channels, including on-line portals and representative networks with brokers and aggregators.

We assist in identifying, structuring, and monetizing new value sources through new product launching and revenue model testing, adapting to changes in banking regulations, handling supervisory visits, enforcement actions and major investigations, managing non-performing loans and customer complaints as well as advising new entrants to the banking industry.

Our deep understanding of the banking industry and the firm's established relationships with key industry stakeholders enable us to provide our banking clients with valuable insights and assist them to navigate market dynamics and address industry-specific challenges. We can help you navigate significant regulatory change, technological disruption, commercial pressures, hostile circumstances (including regulatory scrutiny and investigations) and find safe paths to growth.

While effective financing is essential to growth and development, obtaining or advancing financing on appropriate terms can be challenging, particularly in the face of uncertain and constantly shifting markets. Finance transactions demand the ability to understand the business of the client as well as the sector-specific issues that shape their financing needs.

Our seasoned finance team has the depth and experience to effectively serve borrowers and lenders in all of their legal needs across a range of industry sectors – allied to our experience advising bank and non-bank lenders on the full range of financing solutions – to help get transactions over the line quickly and effectively.

Our finance lawyers have decades of experience advising traditional and non-traditional lenders on complex financing transactions, drawing on the knowledge of Foster’s multiple industry sectors, including manufacturing and industrial, energy, mining and natural resources, healthcare, shipping, real estate, retail and consumer goods. In doing so, we worked with both domestically and alongside international counsel and financial advisers in order to establish clear commercial objectives and identify what's necessary to achieve them and eventually deliver the optimal outcome for our clients.

We help our clients with a wide range of financing transactions across the full lifecycle of their financing needs, from origination, structuring and implementation, through to business as usual and refinancing, restructuring or release, including:

- Corporate Finance
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- Syndicated Lending (including APLMA standard form syndications)
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- Project Finance (including infrastructure and resources financing, across the energy, oil & gas, water, transport, mining and minerals)
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- Acquisition Finance
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- Leveraged Finance
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- Trade Finance
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- Real Estate Finance (including construction and development finance, across the residential, retail, commercial, industrial, hotel and tourism)
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- Asset Finance
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- Islamic Finance
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- Senior secured, subordinated & mezzanine debt facilities
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- Bridge loans
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- Unsecured facilities
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- Subordination and intercreditor arrangements
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- Derivative transactions
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- Club deals, bilateral and other corporate finance transactions

With strong connections with banks, lenders, financial services industry associations and underwriters, and robust dealflow in the region, we add value for clients by introducing them to key stakeholders and decision makers, potential lenders and borrowers, maximizing their negotiating leverage, and keeping them informed about the latest market trends.

Fintech and disruption have become synonymous, although the narrative nowadays has pretty much shifted from viewing fintech as a disruptive threat to embracing it as an essential part of the financial services industry that massively contributes to financial inclusion as a catalyst of Indonesia's GDP and economic growth.

From cross-border payment gateway, digital remittance and e-wallet, all the way to peer-to-peer lending, insurtech, earned wage access and innovative credit scoring, fintech companies are harnessing the sharing economy, ecosystem partnerships and growing connectedness of customers to improve accessibility and cost-effectiveness of financial services.

That being said, it is undeniable that fintech presents attractive opportunities for companies in virtually every sector of the economy with prospective avenues for growth. With these opportunities come requirements, risks and expectations that may be unfamiliar, and for which companies may be unprepared. The pace of innovation has further amplified the challenges and can threaten the viability of these ventures. It is therefore critical for fintech companies to be assisted by local counsel with proven capability to bridge the gap between emerging technologies and the traditional business, legal and regulatory environment, thereby helping them leverage new technology and find market opportunities in rapidly changing industries.

Foster recognizes the strategic imperative facing both new market entrants and incumbent players in fintech. In response, we have developed a market-leading offering that pulls together a diverse set of capabilities — advisory, transactional, regulatory, policy advocacy and stakeholder engagement as well as dispute resolutions and crisis management — which, when deployed together, enable our clients to execute their growth strategies effectively.

We offer fintech companies of all sizes a robust platform for their legal and regulatory needs to develop and execute targeted, pragmatic, and creative legal strategies for them to innovate and operate in the fintech space as they traverse the shifting terrain of this fluid industry sector.

Our multidisciplinary practice has broad experience serving numerous fintech companies in all stages of their life cycle, from early-stage disruptors to large fintech companies with global operations, on a broad range of matters including, corporate and commercial transactions, M&A and joint ventuees, fundraisings, regulatory licensing and compliance, data privacy and cybersecurity, including government investigations, enforcements and crisis management.

We advise clients as they navigate regulatory, transactional and general corporate issues impacting the fintech sector and are renowned for handling pioneering and bold product launches at the vanguard of industry developments. We guide clients through structuring applications and platforms across all layers of the fintech business process, business models and product development, including launching and distributing new fintech products by successfully securing mandatory government approval for that purpose.

Not only that we work alongside product, engineering, and business teams of our clients to support the development of products and platforms that account for the evolving regulatory landscape, we also listen and learn from their tech and product teams, engineers and computer scientists to keep our technical and industry knowledge at the cutting edge - and that’s what ensures your legal advice will be too.

The food, beverage and agribusiness sector is rapidly changing, and it is one of growing importance to Indonesia and global communities. In order to succeed in the face of food price volatility, the increasing focus on environmental sustainability, growing global supply and production challenges, it is obvious that food, beverage and agribusiness companies must also respond to technological advances, major changes in trade and policy, and a consumer-driven marketplace, so as to meet the demands and trends shaping the industry.

Foster offers the legal guidance required for you to adapt and grow, providing strategic counsel for your business needs and daily operation. We are well equipped to assist clients with regulatory compliance and licensing advisory, advertising and marketing of food and beverage products, including structuring promotional activities, distribution channels, offers and campaigns, as well as the negotiation of trading, purchase, advertising and distribution agreements, third-party logistics, warehousing and managing supply chains.

We also advise on antitrust litigation, labelling issues, product recalls and liability, government investigations, consumer protection suits and class actions, corporate transactions (joint ventures, financings, M&A), and litigation of patent, trademark, copyright and industrial design rights.

The healthcare and life sciences sector is one of Indonesia's most vital and innovative sectors that is highly regulated, sensitive and dynamic. It is simultaneously a new frontier and the backdrop for the daily lives and well-being of millions of people in Indonesia.

In light of the increase in private investment capital and a resurgence in merger and acquisition (M&A) activity and consolidation in this sector, government regulators are expected to more closely scrutinize such transactions on both horizontal and vertical levels, as larger health systems continue to emerge.

Our extensive array of services are tailored to the specific needs of the healthcare and life sciences sector as our team applies expertise to diverse and complex healthcare and life science matters. We help our clients adapt to rapid changes in the structure and regulatory regime of Indonesia's healthcare system and provide legal support as they seek to harness the immense potential of digitalisation, data, new supply chain models and manage the associated risks in the process.

We also advise clients on research and development arrangements, new market entry, navigating complex regulatory regimes and commercialisation arrangements whilst also helping them to protect strategically valuable IP assets. This encompasses capital raising, mergers and acquisitions, joint venture and partnership, competition and consumer guidance, disputes and investigations.

Industrials and manufacturing remain a cornerstone of Indonesia's economy, and a strategic catalyst of the nation's economic growth that massively contributes to domestic job creation. Companies in the industrials and manufacturing industry are the foundation of the products ultimately provided by a multitude of other businesses.

Like many manufacturing and industrial companies, we know you may be restructuring or reviewing your portfolio to optimize performance and boost earnings, exploring the possibility of corporate actions, including spin-offs and disposals of non-strategic assets. You’ll also likely be grappling with disputes, legal conflicts, manpower and liability issues, investment, environmental and also licensing matters related to the establishment of factories, as well as having regulation and compliance firmly at the top of your agenda.

Our team understands the importance of your organization and knows how to deal with supply or customer contract disputes, manage joint venture agreements and disputes, environmental and consumer product safety claims, workplace accidents and disasters, alleged defects in materials or products, antitrust issues, government and internal investigations, trade secret and IP matters, and to structure and execute your M&A and capital-raising transactions in this industry to avoid the pitfalls that can delay or derail your goals.

Foster guide clients on legal issues as global trade war and competition intensify, new technologies flourish and major disruptions to regional supply chain occur where our experience in crisis response and management gives us the ability to defend your company’s interests in and out of court.

Mining and metals are a vital part of the economy and Indonesia enjoys a rich endowment of high-quality minerals and metals, globally acknowledged as a world leader in the mining sector, attracting inbound investment and pursuing opportunities offshore through international trade, export and import of mining products.

Our lawyers understand the ever-evolving landscape of the industry and have deep commercial knowledge of the issues relating to the extraction, trading, storage, processing and transportation of minerals and metals. This industry knowledge informs our technical legal advice to you, ensuring it is pragmatic and that your commercial business objectives are at the forefront at all times.

We are also well-versed in its multifaceted commercial drivers and competitive dynamics, including geopolitical risks, emerging technologies, resource accessibility, climate change, sustainability and shareholder activism, making us the ideal partner for clients operating in the mining and natural resources sector.

We leverage our collective experience and expertise to support our clients in all areas in this multifaceted sector – including competition, regulatory and compliance, taxation, IP, environmental law and disputes – in order to bring mineral production projects to life and to maximise their potential. Together, we bring integrated expertise spanning exploration and approvals, financing, project development, corporate governance and advisory, M&A, operations, disputes and closures and exits.

We advise mining companies, ranging from multinationals to emerging junior miners, as well as mining services companies, financiers and investors, at every stage of the project lifecycle and on all mining sector deals, including:

- ⁠the establishment of joint ventures;
- ⁠project development;
- cross-border transactions;
- ⁠farm-in arrangements;
- ⁠off-take agreements;
- acquisition or divestment of mining assets;
- ⁠funding mining projects, with particular expertise in both domestic and cross-border project financing.

Our keen grasp of the industry empowers us to provide agile, efficient, and responsive counsel to meet the needs of our clients—wherever and whenever those needs arise.

The real estate sector has proven to be a resilient sector within the Indonesian economy despite the global economic uncertainty and potential recession. Recently enacted government incentives and initiatives in this sector on top of emerging technologies and the ever-changing complex and diverse regulatory landscape present a wealth of opportunities for investors and corporations as they continue to invest, develop, re-position, manage and finance assets in this sector.

Our deep understanding of the real estate sector, particularly in the hotel and leisure industry empowers us to provideclients with valuable insights and assist them to navigate market dynamics, address industry-specific challenges and effectively manage risk allocation among owners, developers, investors, operators, vendors, purchasers and financiers. Foster lawyers work closely with them to gain a thorough and practical understanding of their real estate goals, both legal and financial, covering the associated operational and technical risks.

Our team have strong expertise across established asset classes such as residential, hotels, logistics, offices and retail. Our real estate specialists have the collective experience that covers the entire spectrum of real estate transactions in collaboration with various foreign attorneys across corporate, finance, environmental, and litigation, to support our clients with a robust team, industry acumen and local insights, grounded in practicality and fueled by informed market insights in the real estate industry to provide full-spectrum support across the lifecycle of a deal and projects.

Through a rigorous assessment of the project and real estate-related transactions, we devise solutions for all aspects of commercial property matters. Our expertise is a combination of the firm's analytical rigor, our understanding of the marketplace, and the rapidly evolving regulatory challenges that align with local nuance and industry best practice.

The retail and consumer goods industry as a whole is undergoing signficant changes as businesses seek to keep pace with fast-evolving technological advances, market trends, heightened competition, the rise of connected consumers and shifting consumer expectations, global supply chain issues and trade disruptions, including modern workforce demands, and unpredictable political events and risks. For our clients, the ability to respond to these opportunities and challenges is critical in building and maintaining a competitive advantage.

Whether you are preparing for corporate actions and regional expansion to Indonesia, reevaluating your strategy, developing your brand, analysing product regulatory, carrying out R&D or considering restructuring or thriving and looking to increase your market share, our multi-disciplinary team has the deep knowledge of the industry and of the regulations, including the lawmakers' views and regulators' perspectives that make us well positioned to advise on all of your retail and consumer goods needs and navigate today's most pressing challenges, thereby enabling a focus on future opportunities and growth .

Foster draws on its deep industry knowledge to help retail, restaurant, ecommerce, and consumer products companies navigate rapidly changing industry dynamics, and advise on issues that cross the spectrum of business law, corporate as well as commercial matters, from global supply chains to data privacy regimes to complex corporate actions and M&A transactions, financings, joint ventures, restructurings, divestitures and disposals of assets, including antitrust, disputes, intellectual property and brand management.

Combining specialist market insight and our knowledge of local regulations allows us to apply the right risk lens, find solutions for our clients, and provide businesses and investors with the guidance and granular day-to-day advice needed to navigate the challenging terrain of Indonesian market.

Indonesia's shipping industry is interlinked with the state of the global economy which, in recent years, has had a major impact on the sector especially in light of the intensifying global tarrif and trade war. Not to forget that businesses operating in the shipping industry have to navigate strict regulations and high expectations, and consumer demand and disruption in global supply chain are changing the industry.

In the current climate where increasing operating costs and declining profits resulted in the shipping industry refining its processes, it is more important than ever that your operational documents – whether shipbuilding and construction contracts, ship sale and purchase contracts, charterparty agreements, bills of lading and other shipping-related commercial agreements – are properly drafted thus offering the right level of protection and commerciality, particularly for key industry participants, such as ship owners and cargo owners, charterers, managers, insurers of bulk carriers, tankers, port and terminal operators, container ships, LNG/LPG carriers.

We offer an extensive breadth of expertise, know-how and experience across the full range of dry shipping work in relation to the preparation, negotiation, closing and execution of the aforesaid commercial arrangements, transactions and activities, encompassing ship finance, ship leasing and ship mortgage enforcement.

The firm also provides effective and commercial advice to enable transactions and trade to take place without issue and, when disputes do arise, to get the vessel and cargo moving as soon as possible. Our work in this area includes cargo claims, shipbuilding disputes and wet shipping advisory work on ship arrests and ship collision.

Manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and third-party logistics providers seek to ensure that their business objectives are on track, while regulatory compliance needs are being met, to achieve the desired operational efficiency, maximize their protections, and deliver excellent value to internal and external customers while anticipating issues that may arise in these complex economic relationships.

We offer unique experience that goes beyond just legal knowledge—we understand supply chain people and key stakeholders in transportation and logistics industries as well as the practicalities of transportation, supply chain and logistics, their operational concerns and business goals.

We provide strategic advice and counsel on day-to-day and long-term issues and corporate planning across a broad spectrum of transactions and commercial matters involving shippers, carriers, brokers, freight forwarders, warehouses, and other third-party logistics providers in areas such as freight claims, disputes, liability, breach of contract, and accident-related matters, including corporate governance, finance, insurance claims and risk management; warehousing and distribution; trademarks, patents and other intellectual property.

Our cohesive team of transactional, regulatory, and litigation lawyers collaborate to draw on our bench strength in multiple practice areas and subspecialties with an eye on protecting the clients’ interests and achieving their commercial objectives and business goals.

Technology has revolutionised the way the modern world communicates and no part of the global economy evolves faster than the technology sector. While technological development never stops, market innovation constantly tests existing legal frameworks, policies and supervision of the government. As a result, the legal and commercial implications thereof are getting exponentially more complex and rapidly-evolving – impacting every organisation.

To maintain a competitive edge, you need to pursue emerging technological opportunities and avenues of innovation to ensure your business and strategy remain relevant, effective, profitable and sustainable, often at pace and across uncharted territory with regulatory ambiguity. In an age of accelerating technological change, the right and practical advice is fundamentally essential from the get go.

We have a wide range of clients including technology firms, crypto trading companies, digital banks and fintechs at the forefront of cutting-edge technologies such as machine learning, blockchain and artificial intelligence. Our tech lawyers help those clients understand the evolving legal and regulatory headwinds – navigating today's uncertainty to innovate for tomorrow

Our tech lawyers work closely with them to maximise the opportunities of digital transformation. Our industry-focused approach means we see the big picture and add value immediately by understanding each client's comprehensive business and legal needs and providing legal solutions. We collaborate with our clients, assembling a multi-disciplinary team across key disciplines including strategic commercial partnerships, M&A, IPOs, financing, joint ventures, strategic sourcing, disputes, exploitation and commercialisation of IP, tax and other key commercial activities.

The telecommunication sector is transforming quickly, fueled by innovation and convergence. A swiftly developing industry, telecommunications has become a large sector for many corporations, domestic and global companies, entrepreneurs, manufacturers, vendors, suppliers and consultants to do business and provide their services in this highly-regulated sector, many of which confront changing regulation, legislation and economic trends and faced disruptive change brought about by rapid technological advances and societal changes.

Foster's multidisciplinary team servicing telecommunications companies deploys the full range of the firm’s capabilities to guide clients through their most complex transactions, regulatory compliance issues, commercial arrangements and sensitive disputes. Our technical and legal knowledge spans the technologies driving our clients' telco businesses, from the 5G technology making the Internet of Things possible to distributed ledger (blockchain) technology, data centers, telco-OTT, collocation and call centers.

We take pride in staying up-to-date on the laws and trends that affect telecommunication companies. Whenever you have questions, we’ll get the best people in a room to combine deep know-how with the agility and ingenuity to advise you on various legal and regulatory concerns in the telco sector and help you get the most value from digital innovation across any aspect of telecoms law: from real estate, commercial, regulatory or infrastructure issues, to M&A, disputes, litigation and IP.

Our startup clients view ourselves first and foremost as business-savvy lawyers with strong legal acumen and commercial sense, and extensive business network. These statements are verifiable upon request. In the last 10 years, our Managing Partner has been consistently trusted by emerging growth companies to provide practical advice on product structuring, procurement of license to commence the business, regulatory compliance and capital raising, as well as in key mission-critical areas affecting their business, including complex and often uncertain regulatory regimes, crisis management, cybersecurity and data privacy, IP licensing as well as ecosystem partnerships, and antitrust laws.

As a former chief legal officer and legal director at various startup companies in Southeast Asia, Foster's Managing Partner is deeply connected in the venture ecosystem, working with innovators and disruptors, including startups, boards, leadership teams and investors, to help them develop optimal strategies at each stage of their evolution from various entry points (from seed to growth equity stages), initial structuring and financing, regulatory analyses and diligence, to exit events.

Our team-oriented service approach gives our clients the flexibility to call on lawyers who are familiar with their products, technology and business models and who understand the tactical decisions made by investors and executive management.

In addition, our distinctive approach to client relationships, proactive problem-solving and team collaboration ensures clients have a legal partner to take their business to the next level and resolve the most intricate legal problems and regulatory challenges. This is evidenced by our frequent participation in board-level discussions of our clients, including courtesy meetings and strategic discussions with key stakeholders and government institutions in relation to the client's product compliance, ecosystem partnerships, licenses and government approvals for product launching, as well as sensitive negotiations with investors pertaining to M&A transactions, financing arrangements, disputes and crisis resolutions.